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Architecting sovereign, application-specific blockchains with the Cosmos SDK, CometBFT, and Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol lets you ship scalable, interoperable networks tuned to any use-case or governance model. That same modular power also widens the attack surface – every layer introduces new states, message types, and trust assumptions that hungry attackers probe
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The Fault-Proof System in the OP Stack is under active development and subject to frequent modifications. It has also undergone multiple security audits, during which several vulnerabilities were identified. In this blog post, we’ll discuss five real-world bugs that auditors and researchers uncovered in early 2024-25. While all identified
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In Q1 2025 Cisco researchers broke DeepSeek R1 with 50 out of 50 jailbreak prompts, while red-teamers turned Microsoft Copilot into a spear-phishing bot just by hiding commands in plain e-mails — exactly the threats we map in our LLM security risks deep-dive and drill against in the AI Red-Teaming playbook.
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In Part 1 – “Fault Proofs 101” we mapped the why: Optimism’s June 2024 hard-fork switched on permissionless fault proofs, letting anyone roll back a malicious output root and moving OP Mainnet’s trust model closer to Ethereum. Part 2 – “FPP, FPVM & the Pre-image Oracle” broke down the what:
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Your LLMs now write incident-response playbooks, push code, and chat with customers at 2 a.m. Great for velocity – terrible for sleep. One jailbreak, one poisoned vector chunk, and the model can dump secrets or spin up malware in seconds. A standing AI red-team function flips you from reactive patching
Circom lets you encode trust as math, but every time you skip a constraint you give attackers a blank cheque. Over the past year, audits have uncovered everything from hidden division-by-zero bugs to entire output arrays that never hit the R1CS. This post distills the five most common Circom mistakes,
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LLM copilots are crashing the party everywhere – customer support, DevOps runbooks, trading desks, even incident‑response playbooks. That rocket‑speed adoption is awesome for productivity, but it also blows your threat model to pieces if you’re not watching. This post kicks off a no‑fluff series that boils months
OP Stack chains today secure roughly $5 billion in user assets by publishing an output root to Ethereum every few minutes. Fault proofs make the output root falsifiable. But a proof only works if the verifying VM can replay the exact same inputs the rollup saw. Delivering those bytes – securely
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While zero‑knowledge integrations such as OP Succinct inch closer to production, most of the value locked in Layer‑2 still depends on “optimistic” assumptions – thanks to simpler design, stronger tooling, and years of battle‑testing. That puts Optimism’s Fault Proof System on center stage as the last line
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols have revolutionized financial services, offering permissionless lending, borrowing, and trading. And despite market fluctuations, DeFi protocols held over $100 billion in Total Value Locked (TVL) as of May 2025. This concentration of value makes robust security paramount. Pioneering lending protocols like Compound (founded in 2017, with
Uniswap V2 (main-net launch 18 May 2020) is still responsible for ~40 % of Uniswap TVL on Ethereum mainnet and many L2 roll-ups despite V3/V4 advances. Integrators therefore inherit its design trade-offs and latent attack surface. Many articles describe the main ideas of the protocol, and the contracts are considered
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Enterprise adoption of blockchain presents significant opportunities but introduces complex cybersecurity challenges that demand C-suite attention. While the technology promises decentralization and efficiency, the transition from Web2 requires navigating immature security practices and novel threat vectors. Failure to address these risks proactively leads not just to financial loss, but to